Context: According to the previous studies, general anesthesia infl uences the Immune System. Evaluating such impacts on the Immune System helps to improve the management of anesthesia. Evidence Acquisition: The current review aimed to summarize the literature related to the eff ects of general anesthesia agents on the cytokines. Google Scholar, PubMed, and ISI/Web of Sciences databases were searched using the following keywords: cytokine, general anesthesia, Immune response, intravenous anesthetics, volatile anesthetics, opioids, benzodiazepines, and controlled ventilation. Results: Long-term administration of general anesthesia drugs, due to their eff ects on cytokines, can lead to disease progression in patients with Immune defi ciency. Due to the confl icting results of various studies and the increasing number of patients with Immune defi ciency, the choice of the appropriate general anesthesia agents facilitates achieving the more favorable function of the cytokines. Conclusions: It seems that the eff ect of general anesthesia on the Immune System in healthy patients and short-term surgeries is not considerable and changes in the Immune System are related to surgical trauma, particularly in major surgery.

Background: This study evaluated the effects of the maternal Immune System stimulation or suppression during the pregnancy on the development of the neonate’ s Immune System. Methods: A total of 20 female rats were divided into four groups. The groups were treated using Leishmania major, Salmonella typhimurium, Tacrolimus, and sterilized normal saline. The animals were mated after 3-time treatments. The neonate’ s humoral Immune response, total body, thymus, liver, spleen weight, and histology were determined in this study. Results: The spleen’ s mean weight of the two-month-old samples showed a significant reduction in the Salmonella group; in addition, the Tacrolimus group had a significant reduction in liver mean weight. The Salmonella and Tacrolimus groups showed a significant reduction (P≤ 0. 05) in the anti-sheep red blood cells antibody titer. Conclusion: Stimulation or suppression of the Immune responses during the pregnancy has significant effects on the neonate’ s Immune responses, spleen, liver, and thymus development.

Introduction: Although central nervous System (CNS) has long been known as an Immune privileged site, in common with all other tissues, it requires effective Immune mechanisms to protect against infections. More recent data support that certain areas of healthy CNS are continuously monitored by resident microglia and blood-borne Immune cells such as macrophage and T-cell to sustain CNS Immune surveillance. Interruption of CNS surveillance by lymphocyte traffic inhibition results in injury and infection by viruses such as JC virus, herpes simplex virus, etc. CNS Immune System has to be regulated in a unique way in order to prevent inflammation and autoImmune reactions against CNS derived antigens, which there is no tolerance for them.Conclusion: Here, we discuss the anatomical and cellular aspects of Immune surveillance in the CNS. Moreover, we review a new model to explain how antigen-specific T-cell responses occur in the CNS.

For the first time in the history of Iranian law, the Family Court in Wright as a special court was created by virtue of Family Protection Act of 19/02/2013. It should be noted that the drafting and approval of clear and unambiguous rules are necessary as much as the creation of such a court. One of the most important issues in this regard is the Inherent jurisdiction of the Family Court as an exclusive court, and hence the legislator has a duty to set up clear and effective rules accordingly. However, the legislator has not taken an appropriate approach in this regard, since on the one hand, the scope of the jurisdiction of this court contains a number of issues not relating to family affairs, and on the other, important family issues have not been considered within the jurisdiction of the Court. This article has found that the method of verbal interpretation does not propose a solution to this problem. Therefore, by considering that the process of law reform is time-consuming and could lead to uncertainties, this article seeks a solution for the interpretation of hermeneutics in order to clarify the suitability of family law.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) employs a variety of strategies to evade the host Immune response, enabling its persistence and the development of tuberculosis. These evasion tactics involve thwarting lysosome formation, manipulating intracellular pH, and disrupting apoptosis and autophagy processes within host cells. Specifically, MTB interferes with lysosome acidification by modulating calcium ions (Ca2+), iron ions, and hydrogen ions (H+), creating an optimal environment for its survival within host cells. Furthermore, MTB inhibits host cell apoptosis and autophagy, critical defense mechanisms against intracellular pathogens. Understanding these immunological escape mechanisms is paramount for developing effective tuberculosis therapies. Future research should focus on targeting MTB evasion strategies to pave the way for innovative tuberculosis treatments.